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External Female Genitals01:15

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The vulva encompasses the external structures of the female reproductive system. At the forefront is the monpubis, a cushion of fatty tissue atop the pubic bone. Once puberty sets in, this area typically grows hair. Extending from just behind the mons pubis are the labia majora (labia = 'lips'; majora = 'larger'), which are larger skin fs olds coated with hair. Nestled within are the labia minora (labia = 'lips'; minora = 'smaller'), which are thinner, more...
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Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
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Sex Reassignment Surgery and Enhancement.

Tomislav Bracanović1

  • 1University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia tomislav.bracanovic@hrstud.hr.

The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy
|December 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Sex reassignment surgery is a therapy for gender dysphoria, not a biomedical enhancement. Reclassifying it as enhancement is implausible, as it doesn't augment traits and retaining its therapeutic status ensures safety and availability.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Ethics
  • Gender Studies
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Sex reassignment surgery (SRS) is currently classified as therapy for gender dysphoria, requiring psychiatric authorization.
  • Transgender scholars advocate for reclassifying SRS as biomedical enhancement, challenging its medicalization and stigmatization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the reclassification of sex reassignment surgery from therapy to biomedical enhancement.
  • To analyze the empirical and moral implications of this proposed reclassification.

Main Methods:

  • Philosophical analysis of enhancement concepts (non-therapeutic and welfarist views).
  • Argumentation based on the nature of SRS and its relationship to established ethical frameworks.

Main Results:

Keywords:
enhancementmedicalizationsex reassignment surgerytherapywell-being

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  • SRS is incompatible with the non-therapeutic view of enhancement as it does not augment traits above average.
  • SRS is incompatible with the welfarist view of enhancement, which necessitates its continued classification as therapy to balance beneficence and potential harm.

Conclusions:

  • The reclassification of sex reassignment surgery as biomedical enhancement is empirically and morally implausible.
  • Maintaining SRS as a therapy is crucial for ensuring its availability, beneficence, and safety, aligning with ethical considerations.