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    Area of Science:

    • Acoustics
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Medical Imaging

    Background:

    • Passive acoustic mapping (PAM) is crucial for monitoring therapeutic ultrasound procedures.
    • Existing methods like frequency domain (FD-PAM) and time domain (TD-PAM) have limitations in speed and sensitivity.
    • Microbubble oscillations generate acoustic signals that can be mapped for diagnostic and therapeutic guidance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the homogenous angular spectrum method for passive acoustic mapping (AS-PAM) of microbubble oscillations.
    • To assess AS-PAM's capability for 3D mapping and compare its 2D performance against FD-PAM and TD-PAM.
    • To demonstrate AS-PAM's in vivo utility for visualizing microbubble activity during focused ultrasound (FUS)-induced blood-brain barrier disruption.

    Main Methods:

    • Simulated data were used to assess 3D mapping of point sources.
    • 2D AS-PAM was compared with FD-PAM and TD-PAM using simulated data.
    • In vivo experiments involved MR-guided FUS and AS-PAM during blood-brain barrier disruption in nonhuman primates.

    Main Results:

    • AS-PAM successfully performed 3D passive acoustic mapping in silico.
    • 2D AS-PAM was significantly faster (10-200x) than FD-PAM and TD-PAM with comparable accuracy and sensitivity, even in high noise.
    • In vivo, AS-PAM showed higher sensitivity than TD-PAM and differentiated safe from damaging blood-brain barrier disruption based on acoustic emissions.

    Conclusions:

    • AS-PAM is a highly sensitive and rapid method for passive acoustic mapping.
    • The technique provides clinically relevant guidance for therapeutic ultrasound procedures.
    • AS-PAM demonstrates significant advantages over existing PAM methods for microbubble visualization and procedure monitoring.