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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Seizures: Classification01:13

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
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Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Equipment Setup and Artifact Removal for Simultaneous Electroencephalogram and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Clinical Review in Epilepsy
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Epilepsia partialis continua: A review.

Rūta Mameniškienė1, Peter Wolf2

  • 1Vilnius University, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Center for Neurology, Vilnius, Lithuania.

Seizure
|December 29, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) involves prolonged, repetitive seizures, often resistant to medication. This review explores its diverse causes and the need for etiology-specific treatment, including surgery for Rasmussen encephalitis.

Keywords:
Aura continuaEpileptic feedback mechanismsExcitationInhibitionSeizure fragmentsStatus epilepticus

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Epileptology
  • Clinical Neuroscience

Background:

  • Epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) is a rare epilepsy variant characterized by continuous or near-continuous focal motor seizures.
  • It can also encompass non-motor symptoms (aura continua), presenting as sustained seizure fragments replacing typical paroxysmal events.
  • EPC duration ranges from one hour to many years, with varied progression patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the broad definition of Epilepsia partialis continua, including motor and non-motor manifestations.
  • To explore the diverse etiologies and underlying pathophysiology of EPC.
  • To discuss current treatment strategies, emphasizing drug resistance and surgical indications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Epilepsia partialis continua.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations, etiologies, and pathophysiological mechanisms.
  • Synthesis of treatment approaches based on underlying causes.

Main Results:

  • EPC can be triggered by local or systemic causes, including Rasmussen encephalitis, Russian tick-borne encephalitis, mitochondrial diseases, non-ketotic hyperglycemia, and stroke.
  • Motor symptoms are sometimes misconstrued as cortical reflex myoclonus, but pathophysiology is likely heterogeneous.
  • EPC is generally drug-resistant, necessitating etiology-guided treatment.

Conclusions:

  • EPC represents a complex epileptic phenomenon with varied presentations and causes.
  • Understanding the specific etiology is crucial for effective management.
  • Epilepsy surgery is a key intervention for certain causes, such as Rasmussen encephalitis.