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Related Concept Videos

Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

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The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...
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Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

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Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and...
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Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:18

Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

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Respiratory compensation is a vital physiological process that stabilizes blood plasma pH by regulating the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), a key determinant of pH levels. Most carbon dioxide in the blood dissolves and converts into carbonic acid (H2CO3). It dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3⁻). There is also an inverse relationship between PCO2​​ and pH.
When carbon dioxide levels increase in the blood, more H+ and HCO3⁻ are...
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Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

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Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
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Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

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The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
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Acid&#8211;Base Equilibria: Activity-Based Definition of pH01:10

Acid–Base Equilibria: Activity-Based Definition of pH

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For an ideal solution, the pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. For a non-ideal solution, an accurate measurement of the pH must consider the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity rather than concentration. In such a solution, the pH can be more accurately defined as the negative logarithm of a product of the hydrogen ion concentration and its activity coefficient.
In solutions of very low ionic strength—for example, pure water—the...
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A Model of Self-limited Acute Lung Injury by Unilateral Intra-bronchial Acid Instillation
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Whole body acid-base modeling revisited.

Troels Ring1,2, Søren Nielsen2

  • 1Department of Nephrology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; and tring@gvdnet.dk.

American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology
|December 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The conventional model of whole body acid-base balance is problematic, predicting physiologically impossible outcomes like negative urine charge during acidosis. New models and studies are needed for accurate acid-base balance assessment.

Keywords:
acidosischarge balancephysiological modelingstrong ions

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • The established model of whole body acid-base balance involves endogenous acid production, renal net acid excretion, and gastrointestinal alkali absorption.
  • This comprehensive model lacks clinical application and formal validation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the conventional acid-base balance model by expressing it solely in terms of urine chemistry.
  • To identify limitations and potential physiological impossibilities within the existing model.

Main Methods:

  • Formulating renal net acid excretion and endogenous acid production using urine chemistry.
  • Deriving gastrointestinal alkali absorption from urine excretions based on literature.
  • Arithmetically equating net acid balance to minus urine charge under specific assumptions.
  • Empirically verifying theoretical predictions by scrutinizing seminal papers on urine charge during acidosis.

Main Results:

  • The conventional model, when expressed via urine chemistry, predicts a net negative urine charge during acidosis.
  • Empirical analysis confirmed that urine charge indeed becomes negative as acidosis develops.
  • This confirms the theoretical prediction derived from the conventional model.

Conclusions:

  • The conventional model of whole body acid-base balance is problematic as it predicts physiologically impossible scenarios.
  • A new model for acid-base balance is required that avoids such impossible implications.
  • Further experimental research is necessary to understand urine charge imbalance during acidosis.