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Related Concept Videos

Conditioned Taste Aversion01:14

Conditioned Taste Aversion

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Conditioned taste aversion, also known as sauce béarnaise syndrome, is a phenomenon in which an individual develops an aversion to a certain food taste following a negative experience, typically illness. This form of aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which the taste of the food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with the experience of illness (unconditioned stimulus, UCS).
A notable characteristic of conditioned taste aversion is that it often requires only a single...
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The Physiology of Taste01:24

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The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the...
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Gustation01:43

Gustation

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Gustation is a chemical sense that, along with olfaction (smell), contributes to our perception of taste. It starts with the activation of receptors by chemical compounds (tastants) dissolved in the saliva. The saliva and filiform papillae on the tongue distribute the tastants and increase their exposure to the taste receptors.
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Taste Buds and Receptors01:20

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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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Instinctive Drift01:05

Instinctive Drift

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Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when...
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Metaplastic modulation of insular cortex in vivo LTD induced by conditioned taste aversion extinction.

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Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Bidirectional modulation of taste aversion extinction by insular cortex LTP and LTD.

Luis F Rodríguez-Durán1, Araceli Martínez-Moreno1, Martha L Escobar1

  • 1División de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, Mexico.

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
|December 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Synaptic plasticity, including long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP), bidirectionally modulates taste aversion learning. LTD facilitates extinction, while LTP enhances retention in the basolateral amygdala-insular cortex pathway.

Keywords:
Conditioned taste aversionInsular cortexLTDMemory extinctionMetaplasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Synaptic Plasticity
  • Behavioral Neuroscience

Background:

  • Neuronal activity history influences future responses to synaptic inputs.
  • Synaptic plasticity, such as LTP and LTD, affects behavioral task performance.
  • The insular cortex (IC) is involved in conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate in vivo LTD induction in the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (Bla)-IC pathway.
  • Determine if CTA extinction is bidirectionally modulated by prior synaptic plasticity induction in the Bla-IC pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Rats received LTD or LTP induction in the Bla-IC projection.
  • Animals were trained in the CTA task, including extinction trials, seven days post-surgery.
  • N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor dependency for LTD was assessed.

Main Results:

  • The Bla-IC pathway can express in vivo LTD in an NMDA receptor-dependent manner.
  • LTD induction prior to CTA training facilitated task extinction.
  • LTP induction enhanced CTA retention.

Conclusions:

  • Synaptic plasticity in the Bla-IC pathway bidirectionally modulates CTA extinction.
  • LTP enhances retention, while LTD facilitates extinction of taste aversion learning.
  • Findings provide evidence for homeostatic adaptation in taste learning.