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Related Concept Videos

Enteric Nervous System: Regulation of GI Motor Activity01:11

Enteric Nervous System: Regulation of GI Motor Activity

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The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) plays a pivotal role in regulating gastrointestinal or GI motor activity. This complex network of nerves, deeply embedded within the gut wall, responds to changes in the gut environment and receives input from both the autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system. By doing so, the ENS operates various programs tailored to the body's nutritional status and needs.
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Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health01:05

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The gastrointestinal tract, responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, is safeguarded by the intestinal barrier, which consists of secretory, physical, and immune components. At the forefront is the secretory barrier, composed of essential elements such as mucus, gut microbiota, and defense proteins. They collaborate to break down food particles, facilitate nutrient absorption, and maintain optimal gut health. These secretory components ensure the smooth functioning of the...
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Neural Regulation01:37

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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The neuronal supply to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essential for regulating various functions, including digestion, absorption, and movement of food. This intricate network of nerves is known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), often referred to as the "second brain" of the body.
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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Digestive activity regulation hinges on three primary components. Activation is prompted by a multitude of mechanical and chemical indicators, primarily detected by receptors within the stomach and intestines' walls. These receptors predominantly respond to factors such as mechanical stretching of the organ walls, changes in pH and osmolarity, and the presence of digesting materials and their by-products.
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Neuroimmune Modulation of Gut Function.

Terez Shea-Donohue1,2, Joseph F Urban3

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, DTRS, MSTF Rm 700C, 10 Pine Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. tdonohue@mbrc.umaryland.edu.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|December 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Immune cells and nerves communicate via a "neuroimmune synapse," influencing gut health and inflammation. Understanding this bidirectional communication is key for developing new gastrointestinal therapies.

Keywords:
Innate lymphoid cellMacrophageMast cellNeuroimmune plasticityNeuroimmune synapseT cellVagal cholinergic reflex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Neuroimmune communication involves neurotransmitter production by immune cells and immune mediator generation, forming the

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the mechanisms and implications of neuroimmune interactions in gastrointestinal pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of mechanisms facilitating neuroimmune interactions, including anatomic proximity, receptor expression, and intracellular signaling.
  • Analysis of the role of neuroimmune communication in allostasis and inflammation.
  • Examination of the impact of dysregulated enteric nervous system control on gastrointestinal functions and inflammation chronicity.

Main Results:

  • Neuroimmune communication is bidirectional and crucial for adapting to environmental changes (allostasis).
  • Inflammation amplifies neuroimmune interactions, with neurotransmitters having pro- or anti-inflammatory effects.
  • Chronic gut inflammation induces neuroimmune plasticity, remodeling neural and immune systems.

Conclusions:

  • Neuroimmune interactions are fundamental to gut homeostasis and disease.
  • Dysregulation contributes to chronic gastrointestinal inflammation.
  • These interactions represent a promising therapeutic target for gastrointestinal disorders.