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Related Concept Videos

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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Study of the DNA Damage Checkpoint using Xenopus Egg Extracts
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Mec1/ATR, the Program Manager of Nucleic Acids Inc.

Wenyi Feng1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. fengw@upstate.edu.

Genes
|December 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The Mec1/ATR checkpoint protein is crucial for maintaining genome stability by sensing DNA damage and coordinating cellular responses. New research reveals its expanded roles in regulating RNA metabolism and replication-transcription conflicts.

Keywords:
DNA damage responseMec1/ATRR-loopcheckpointreplication–transcription conflictstress response

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Eukaryotic cells utilize cell cycle checkpoints to ensure accurate DNA replication and cell division.
  • Mec1/ATR is a conserved protein kinase essential for DNA damage response and genome stability.
  • Checkpoint activation involves Mec1/ATR orchestrating DNA repair, replication fork protection, and cell cycle arrest.

Conclusions:

  • Mec1/ATR's functions are more diverse than previously understood, extending to RNA processing and transcription-replication coordination.
  • Understanding these expanded roles is critical for comprehending genome stability maintenance.
  • The yeast model provides valuable insights into conserved Mec1/ATR functions.