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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Mutations01:35

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
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The Photochemical Reaction Center01:29

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Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center is a more appropriate term that describes these complexes. The Nobel laureates Robert Emerson and William Arnold provided the first experimental evidence of photochemical reaction centers by demonstrating the participation of nearly 2,500 chlorophyll molecules for the release of just one molecule of oxygen. Despite thousands of photosynthetic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Photodynamic Therapy with Blended Conducting Polymer/Fullerene Nanoparticle Photosensitizers
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Current challenges in photoprotection.

Henry W Lim1, Maria-Ivonne Arellano-Mendoza2, Fernando Stengel3

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan.

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
|January 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New photoprotective agents offer protection beyond ultraviolet radiation. Topical antioxidants and oral/subcutaneous options show promise against visible and infrared light effects.

Keywords:
Polypodium leucotomos extractafamelanotideantioxidantnicotinamideoxybenzonephotoprotectionsunscreen

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology and photobiology, focusing on the biological effects of electromagnetic radiation.

Background:

  • Electromagnetic radiation (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) causes biological effects.
  • Ultraviolet filters are common photoprotective measures.
  • Oxybenzone use is declining due to endocrine concerns, coral reef impact, and allergies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore new photoprotective strategies beyond traditional ultraviolet filters.
  • To investigate novel agents for protection against visible and infrared radiation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on photoprotection.
  • Discussion of emerging topical, oral, and subcutaneous agents.
  • Analysis of the properties of agents like Polypodium leucotomos extract, afamelanotide, and nicotinamide.

Main Results:

  • New agents demonstrate photoprotective and antiphotocarcinogenic properties.
  • These agents offer potential protection against visible and infrared radiation effects.
  • Oxybenzone's limitations have spurred the development of alternatives.

Conclusions:

  • Novel topical antioxidants and systemic agents represent promising advancements in photoprotection.
  • These new modalities could expand protection to include visible and infrared radiation.
  • Further research is warranted to fully establish the efficacy and safety of these agents.