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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Complement System01:27

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells
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Complement in autoimmune diseases.

Pandiarajan Vignesh1, Amit Rawat1, Madhubala Sharma1

  • 1Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Dept. of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.

Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
|January 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The complement system, a key innate immunity component, involves over 20 liver-synthesized proteins. Its dysregulation contributes to autoimmune diseases, highlighting its complex role in immunity and disease.

Keywords:
ANCA-associated vasculitidesAlternative pathwayAntiphospholipid syndromeAutoimmunityClassical pathwayComplementHenoch Schonlein purpuraSystemic lupus erythematosus

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Innate Immunity
  • Complement System Biology

Background:

  • The complement system is an ancient, conserved innate immune mechanism.
  • It consists of over 20 serum proteins, primarily synthesized in the liver as inactive precursors.
  • Activation occurs via three main pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin, all converging on Complement C3.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the intricate role of the complement system in innate immunity.
  • To explore the dual nature of complement activation in autoimmune diseases.
  • To highlight the utility of modern techniques in studying complement pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Review of complement system pathways (classical, alternative, lectin).
  • Analysis of complement component activation and effector functions.
  • Discussion of diagnostic tools including immunoassays, flow cytometry, NGS, and proteomics.

Main Results:

  • Complement activation involves proteases cleaving successive components, leading to effector generation.
  • Convergence of all pathways at Complement C3, leading to the membrane attack complex.
  • Both excessive activation and deficiencies in complement components are linked to autoimmune diseases.

Conclusions:

  • The complement system is a critical but complex component of innate immunity.
  • Its dysregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
  • Advanced methodologies offer new avenues for understanding this vital immune system.