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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
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Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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Assessment of Mitochondrial Fission/Fusion Dynamics in Kidney Proximal Tubular Cells
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Mitochondrial Fission in Human Diseases.

Madhavika N Serasinghe1, Jerry E Chipuk2

  • 1Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy PLC, New York, NY, 10029, USA. madhavika.serasinghe@mssm.edu.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|January 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondrial dynamics, including shape and division, are crucial for cellular health. Dysregulation of these processes, particularly excessive fission, is linked to human diseases and offers therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
CancerDRP1DRP1S616Fis1FissionFusionMffMfn1Mfn2MiD49/51MiD49/51OPA1Mitochondrial dynamicsNeurodegenerative diseases

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Mitochondria are vital organelles with essential roles in energy production, signaling, and apoptosis.
  • Mitochondrial shape and dynamics are increasingly recognized as critical regulators of mitochondrial function.
  • The interplay between mitochondrial dynamics and function impacts cellular and organismal health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature on the relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and function.
  • To explore the impact of mitochondrial dynamics on human disease development and progression.
  • To highlight therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advances in mitochondrial dynamics research.
  • Analysis of studies linking mitochondrial dynamics to cellular function and disease.
  • Examination of therapeutic interventions targeting mitochondrial dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial dynamics, particularly excessive fission, are associated with functional defects.
  • Altered mitochondrial dynamics are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.
  • Mitochondrial dynamics represent a promising area for therapeutic manipulation.

Conclusions:

  • The mitochondrial dynamics-function relationship is a key determinant of health and disease.
  • Understanding and targeting mitochondrial dynamics can lead to novel treatments for human pathologies.
  • Further research into mitochondrial dynamics holds significant therapeutic potential.