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Related Concept Videos

Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

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The Replisome03:01

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DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
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Replication in Prokaryotes02:35

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Replication in Prokaryotes01:32

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DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Motion Dynamics of the Eukaryotic Replisome Components at the Single-Molecule Level
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Bacterial and Eukaryotic Replisome Machines.

Nina Yao1, Mike O'Donnell1

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute and DNA Replication Laboratory, The Rockefeller University, USA.

JSM Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
|January 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DNA replication machinery differs across life's domains. This review compares the distinct structures and mechanisms of cellular replication, revealing independent evolutionary paths for bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.

Keywords:
CMGDNA helicaseDNA polymerasePrimaseReplisome

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cellular genomic DNA replication relies on a complex multiprotein replisome machine.
  • DNA polymerases' unidirectional activity necessitates distinct synthesis strategies for antiparallel DNA strands.
  • Genome duplication is fundamental for all cell types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare and contrast the cellular replication machinery across the three domains of life: bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.
  • To highlight the structural and mechanistic differences in DNA replication strategies.
  • To explore the implications of independent evolutionary origins for replication processes.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of known replication factors and mechanisms.
  • Literature review focusing on structural and functional studies of replisomes.
  • Synthesis of information on DNA unwinding, priming, and synthesis across different life domains.

Main Results:

  • Replication factors in bacteria are not homologous to those in archaea and eukaryotes.
  • The cellular replication machinery evolved independently in different domains of life.
  • Significant mechanistic and structural variations exist in DNA replication strategies.

Conclusions:

  • The fundamental process of DNA replication has evolved twice independently, not from a single common ancestor.
  • Understanding these differences is crucial for comprehending the diversity of life at a molecular level.
  • Comparative studies reveal unique adaptations in replication machinery across bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.