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Related Concept Videos

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Lignin-Based Materials Through Thiol-Maleimide "Click" Polymerization.

Pietro Buono1, Antoine Duval2, Luc Averous2

  • 1Department of Materials Research and Technology, MRT, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, LIST, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.

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|January 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a green method to convert plant-based lignin into functional polymers. This solvent-free process modifies lignin and uses click polymerization to create tailored materials with tunable thermal and mechanical properties.

Keywords:
biomassbiopolymersclick chemistryligninthiol-ene reaction

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Green Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Lignin, a renewable biopolymer from plants, is an abundant but underutilized resource.
  • Developing sustainable methods to transform lignin into high-value materials is crucial for a circular economy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an environmentally friendly approach for converting lignin into functional aromatic polymers.
  • To explore the potential of bio-based maleimide-lignin derivatives in polymer synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled esterification of lignin with 11-maleimidoundecylenic acid (11-MUA) derivative.
  • Transformation into 11-maleimidoundecanoyl chloride (11-MUC) for efficient lignin modification.
  • Thiol-ene click polymerization of maleimide-lignin with various thiol linkers.

Main Results:

  • Achieved efficient modification of lignin hydroxy groups with varying degrees of substitution.
  • Demonstrated rapid (1-minute) thiol-ene click polymerization of bio-based maleimide-lignin.
  • Successfully tailored material properties by adjusting linker functionality and structure.

Conclusions:

  • The developed green chemistry approach enables the creation of functional aromatic polymers from lignin.
  • Tunable thermal and mechanical properties offer promising applications for lignin in advanced materials.
  • This method provides a sustainable pathway for valorizing renewable lignin feedstocks.