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Related Concept Videos

Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles01:25

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
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Skeletal muscles, the key players in our body's movement, can be classified into two groups based on their location and function: axial muscles and appendicular muscles. These classifications reflect the primary roles the muscles play in the body's structure and movement.
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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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A Multifunction Muscle in Squid.

Joseph T Thompson, Scott M Lavalva, Matthew M Loiacono

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    Cephalopod muscles can be multifunctional, performing roles like motors or brakes. This study reveals multifunctionality in an obliquely striated muscle, expanding our understanding beyond cross-striated muscles.

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    Area of Science:

    • Muscle physiology
    • Comparative biomechanics
    • Cephalopod biology

    Background:

    • Striated muscles can be multifunctional, acting as motors, brakes, struts, or springs during locomotion.
    • Previously identified multifunctional muscles were exclusively cross-striated and found in animals with complex skeletal systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate potential multifunctionality in the obliquely striated nuchal retractor muscle of a cephalopod mollusc.
    • To determine the functional roles of mitochondria-rich (MR) and mitochondria-poor (MP) muscle fibers within the nuchal retractor.

    Main Methods:

    • Synchronized measurements of cephalopod head movement and muscle activation.
    • Analysis of nuchal retractor muscle fiber activation patterns during different behaviors (escape jet, slow swimming, directional changes).

    Main Results:

    • The nuchal retractor muscle exhibits multifunctionality, acting as a motor, brake, and strut.
    • MP fibers activate only during escape jet locomotion head retractions.
    • MR fibers show broader activation, including during head retraction, stasis for directional changes, and extension post-escape jet.

    Conclusions:

    • Multifunctionality is not limited to cross-striated muscles or animals with jointed skeletons.
    • The cephalopod nuchal retractor muscle demonstrates complex functional roles, challenging previous assumptions about muscle specialization.