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Related Concept Videos

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
Direct cell-to-cell contact is needed for the activation of Notch signaling. The signal is initiated when a notch ligand binds to a receptor on an adjacent cell, also...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.
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The small intestine exhibits a unique histological structure that significantly enhances its function in digestion and nutrient absorption. These structures include circular folds, villi, and various specialized cells that collectively facilitate the digestion of food.
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Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Author Spotlight: Studying the Epithelial Effects of Intestinal Inflammation In Vitro on Established Murine Colonoids
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Early commitment and robust differentiation in colonic crypts.

Beáta Tóth1, Shani Ben-Moshe1, Avishai Gavish2

  • 1Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

Molecular Systems Biology
|January 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Colonic stem cells precisely control cell fate, ensuring a 1:3 ratio of secretory to absorptive cells. Mechanisms like Delta-Notch signaling and cell migration maintain this balance despite a small stem cell pool.

Keywords:
Delta‐Notchdesign principlesnoise reductionrobustnessstem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Gastrointestinal Biology

Background:

  • Tissue stem cells generate differentiated cells in specific proportions to maintain tissue homeostasis.
  • The colonic crypt exhibits a precise ratio of secretory to absorptive cells, a phenomenon not fully explained by the small number of stem cells involved.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the homeostatic mechanisms responsible for the precise differentiation ratio of secretory to absorptive cells in colonic crypts.
  • To investigate how noise is minimized in cell fate decisions within a small stem cell population.

Main Methods:

  • Single molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (smFISH) to visualize gene expression.
  • Lineage-tracing studies in mice to track cell fate over time.
  • Computational simulations to model cell differentiation dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Delta-Notch lateral inhibition operates within a specific spatial zone to reduce initial variability in cell proportions.
  • Increased dwell time and dispersive migration of secretory cells further average variability from progenitor divisions.
  • These mechanisms ensure a robust 1:3 ratio of secretory to absorptive cells and their uniform spatial distribution.

Conclusions:

  • A combination of Delta-Notch signaling and cell movement dynamics ensures precise cell differentiation ratios in the colonic crypt.
  • These noise-buffering mechanisms resolve the conflict between early cell commitment and robust differentiation outcomes.
  • The findings offer insights into how small progenitor pools achieve precise cell proportions, potentially applicable to other tissues.