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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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Carbon-13 (¹³C) NMR: Overview01:10

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Carbon-13 is a naturally occurring NMR-active isotope of carbon with a low natural abundance of 1.1%. In contrast, carbon-12 is the most abundant isotope of carbon with zero nuclear spin. Therefore, it is NMR inactive. The gyromagnetic ratio of carbon-13 is smaller than that of protons. As a result, carbon-13 resonance is about 6000 times weaker than proton resonance. For a given magnetic field strength, the resonance frequency of carbon-13 is about one-fourth of the resonance frequency for...
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Nuclear Stability03:18

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Isotopes and Radioisotopes01:28

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In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
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Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

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Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
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Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Neutron Radiography and Computed Tomography of Biological Systems at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor
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A 13C(d,n)-based epithermal neutron source for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy.

M E Capoulat1, A J Kreiner1

  • 1Gerencia de Investigación y Aplicaciones, CNEA, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Av. Rivadavia 1917 (C1033AAJ), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, M. de Irigoyen 3100 (1650), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Physica Medica : PM : an International Journal Devoted to the Applications of Physics to Medicine and Biology : Official Journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)
|January 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The 13C(d,n)14N reaction shows promise for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) using low-energy accelerators. This study demonstrates its potential for delivering therapeutic neutron beams effectively.

Keywords:
(13)C(D,N)(14)N reactionAccelerator-based BNCTBrain tumor treatmentEpithermal neutron sourcesMonte-Carlo-simulations

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology

Background:

  • Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) requires compact neutron sources for clinical use.
  • Low-energy particle accelerators are suitable for in-hospital siting.
  • The 13C(d,n)14N nuclear reaction is a potential neutron source for BNCT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the therapeutic potential of neutron beams produced by the 13C(d,n)14N reaction.
  • To assess the feasibility of using a 1.45MeV deuteron beam for BNCT.
  • To optimize neutron beam characteristics for effective tumor irradiation.

Main Methods:

  • Computational optimization of a Beam Shaping Assembly (BSA).
  • MCNP simulations of depth dose profiles in a Snyder head phantom.
  • Determination of BSA configuration to maximize tumor dose and penetration depth while minimizing healthy tissue dose.

Main Results:

  • Therapeutic doses achieved up to ~6cm depth.
  • Peak doses of 57Gy-Eq possible with 2x1h fractionated irradiations.
  • Acceptable tumor doses feasible with a single 1h irradiation.

Conclusions:

  • The 13C(d,n)14N reaction is a viable option for accelerator-based BNCT.
  • Neutron beams generated are comparable to other accelerator sources.
  • This reaction supports the development of in-hospital BNCT neutron sources.