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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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Evolution of transcript modification by N6-methyladenosine in primates.

Lijia Ma1,2, Boxuan Zhao3,4,5, Kai Chen3,4

  • 1Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

Genome Research
|January 6, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene expression evolution is influenced by post-transcriptional modifications like N6-methyladenosine (m6A). This study reveals parallel evolution of m6A patterns and RNA motifs across species, impacting gene expression.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Phenotypic variation often arises from gene expression evolution.
  • Focus has been on cis-regulatory elements, with limited understanding of post-transcriptional regulation's role.
  • N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a widespread, reversible RNA modification affecting transcript stability and translation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the evolution of m6A mRNA modifications across species.
  • To identify patterns of m6A evolution and their relationship with RNA sequence motifs and gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of m6A mRNA modifications in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus monkeys.
  • Comparative analysis of m6A patterns, RNA sequence motifs, and gene expression evolution.

Main Results:

  • Identified distinct patterns of m6A evolution among human, chimpanzee, and rhesus species.
  • Observed parallel evolution between m6A modifications and consensus RNA sequence motifs recognized by m6A regulatory complexes.
  • Found that the evolution of gene expression in m6A-modified genes parallels m6A evolution.

Conclusions:

  • Post-transcriptional regulation via m6A plays a significant role in transcript evolution.
  • The evolution of m6A modification sites and associated RNA motifs contributes to changes in gene expression and phenotypic differences.