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Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...

Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that range from benign to life-threatening. A thorough evaluation is crucial for appropriate management and involves a comprehensive medical history, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests.Medical HistorySymptoms: Collect detailed information on palpitations, dizziness, syncope, chest pain, and fatigue. Note their onset, frequency, and triggers.Previous Cardiac Issues: Document any history of heart...

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage....

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Labor Management Through Electromyometrial Imaging for Understanding Uterine Contractions

Author Spotlight: Advancing Labor Management Through Electromyometrial Imaging for Understanding Uterine Contractions

Published on: May 26, 2023

ECG changes in hyperemesis gravidarum.

Sophie Jessica Mitchell¹, Patricia Cox¹

¹Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.

BMJ Case Reports

|January 6, 2017

Summary

Hyperemesis gravidarum can cause electrolyte imbalance leading to a prolonged QT interval, a potentially fatal complication. This case highlights the need for ECG monitoring and careful prescribing in affected patients.

Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Cardiology
Internal Medicine

Background:

Hyperemesis gravidarum is a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
Electrolyte imbalances are common complications of hyperemesis gravidarum.
Prolonged QT interval is a cardiac condition that can lead to dangerous arrhythmias.

Observation:

A 30-year-old patient at advanced gestation with hyperemesis gravidarum developed a prolonged QT interval.
The prolonged QT interval occurred secondary to electrolyte imbalance during the recovery phase.
The patient experienced a potentially fatal cardiac complication.

Findings:

Electrolyte imbalance in hyperemesis gravidarum can precipitate cardiac complications.
Prolonged QT interval is a significant risk in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum, particularly after starvation.

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Current guidelines may not adequately address the cardiac risks associated with hyperemesis gravidarum.

Implications:

ECG monitoring is crucial for patients with hyperemesis gravidarum, especially those with prolonged starvation.
Careful medication prescribing is essential to avoid exacerbating electrolyte imbalances or QT prolongation.
Clinical practice and guidelines should be updated to include cardiac monitoring for hyperemesis gravidarum patients.