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Related Concept Videos

Liquid–Solid Solutions01:29

Liquid–Solid Solutions

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The process of a solid dissolving in a liquid to form a solution is governed by the solubility limit, which is the maximum amount of the solid substance, or solute, that can be dissolved in a specific volume of the liquid or solvent. As the solute dissolves, it reaches a point where no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature - this is known as the saturation point. However, if further solute is added and it manages to dissolve, the solution becomes supersaturated. Supersaturated...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

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The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Toughness and Hardness of Aggregate01:22

Toughness and Hardness of Aggregate

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Toughness and hardness are critical properties of aggregate materials used in concrete, particularly on pavement surfaces and industrial flooring subjected to heavy loads. Toughness is defined as the aggregate's resistance to failure by impact and is measured by the aggregate impact value (AIV). For this, the aggregate impact value test is performed, wherein the impact is delivered by a standard hammer, which falls freely under its own weight onto the aggregates. The aggregates fragment in...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Quantitative Hardness Measurement by Instrumented AFM-indentation
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Hardness of cubic solid solutions.

Faming Gao1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Yanshan Univesity, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.

Scientific Reports
|January 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary

A new hardening rule for cubic solid solutions was discovered, linking hardening stress to shear modulus, solute volume fraction, and size misfit. This rule accurately predicts the hardness of various materials, including a novel plateau in BN-BP systems.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Understanding hardening mechanisms in solid solutions is crucial for developing advanced materials.
  • Previous models often oversimplified the complex interplay of bonding types and structural factors.
  • Cubic solid solutions exhibit diverse bonding characteristics, including ionic, covalent, and metallic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a universal hardening rule for cubic solid solutions.
  • To quantitatively predict the hardness of various solid-solution systems.
  • To explore the hardening behavior and potential applications of novel materials like BN-BP.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a hardening correlation based on shear modulus (G), solute volume fraction (f_v), and size misfit (δ_b).

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  • Application of the derived rule to experimental and literature data for Ag-Au, KCl-KBr, InP-GaP, TiN-TiC, HfN-HfC, TiC-NbC, and ZrC-NbC systems.
  • Quantitative prediction of the hardening behavior for the BN-BP solid-solution system.

    • Main Results:

    • A consistent hardening rule, ∆τFcg = 0.27G, was identified across various cubic solid solutions.
    • The rule accurately predicts the composition-dependent hardness for multiple material systems.
    • A significant hardening plateau was predicted for BNₓP₁₋ₓ solid solutions (x=0.55-0.85), showing hardness exceeding cubic boron nitride.

    Conclusions:

    • A quantitative and broadly applicable hardening rule for cubic solid solutions has been demonstrated.
    • The findings enable precise prediction of material hardness, facilitating materials design.
    • The predicted high hardness of BNₓP₁₋ₓ solid solutions opens avenues for new high-performance material applications.