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Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells
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Heme and iron induce protein aggregation.

Leonardo H Travassos1, Luiz R C Vasconcellos1, Marcelo T Bozza2

  • 1a Laboratório de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização , Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.

Autophagy
|January 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Macrophages form aggresome-like induced structures (ALIS) in response to free heme, a process requiring iron, ROS, and NRF2 activation. This cellular response is vital for maintaining homeostasis during hemolytic conditions.

Keywords:
ALISNRF2aggregationautophagyferritinhemeironoxidative stressprotein

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Heme is crucial for physiological processes but toxic when extracellular.
  • Free heme accumulation occurs in hemolytic diseases like malaria and sickle cell disease.
  • Macrophages play a role in responding to cellular stress and damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cellular response of macrophages to extracellular heme.
  • To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying heme-induced cellular changes.
  • To explore the role of heme degradation products in cellular stress responses.

Main Methods:

  • Induction of hemolysis in cell culture and in vivo models.
  • Analysis of protein aggregate formation (ALIS) in macrophages.
  • Assessment of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and NRF2 pathway activation.
  • Evaluation of heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1/HO-1) activity and iron's role.

Main Results:

  • Heme triggers the formation of aggresome-like induced structures (ALIS) in macrophages.
  • ALIS formation is dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and NRF2 activation.
  • Heme degradation by heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1/HO-1) and the presence of iron are essential for ALIS formation.
  • ALIS formation is observed in vivo during induced hemolysis, suggesting a role in host defense and cellular homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • Macrophages mount a specific response to extracellular heme, characterized by ALIS formation.
  • This response is a protective mechanism involving ROS, NRF2, and heme degradation.
  • ALIS formation is a key component of the host's adaptation to heme toxicity and may contribute to cellular homeostasis.