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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

A Bioinformatics Pipeline to Accurately and Efficiently Analyze the MicroRNA Transcriptomes in Plants
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A Bioinformatics Pipeline to Accurately and Efficiently Analyze the MicroRNA Transcriptomes in Plants

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MDTE DB: a database for microRNAs derived from Transposable element.

Guanyun Wei, Sheng Qin, Wenjuan Li

    IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics
    |January 6, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    MicroRNAs regulate gene expression. A new database, MDTE DB, catalogs microRNAs derived from transposable elements, aiding the study of their origin and evolution.

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    Area of Science:

    • Genetics
    • Molecular Biology
    • Bioinformatics

    Background:

    • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key post-transcriptional gene regulators.
    • Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic sequences.
    • TEs can contribute to the emergence of novel miRNAs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To establish a comprehensive database for microRNAs derived from transposable elements (MDTEs).
    • To facilitate research into the origin and evolutionary dynamics of MDTEs.
    • To provide a centralized resource for analyzing MDTEs.

    Main Methods:

    • Collection and curation of known MDTE sequences.
    • Development of the MDTE database (MDTE DB) for data storage and retrieval.
    • Implementation of search and analysis functionalities within the database.

    Main Results:

    • The MDTE DB successfully stores and organizes information on MDTEs.
    • The database provides efficient search capabilities for MDTE sequences and associated data.
    • MDTE DB serves as a valuable resource for comparative genomics and evolutionary studies.

    Conclusions:

    • The MDTE DB is a significant resource for understanding miRNA evolution.
    • This database simplifies the study of novel miRNA origins from TEs.
    • MDTE DB supports future research on the functional roles of TE-derived miRNAs.