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Related Concept Videos

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
Contact precautions are the measures taken to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, especially epidemiologically important microorganisms such as MRSA or influenza, primarily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with an...
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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
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Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces
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Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces

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Capturing norovirus transmission.

Miranda de Graaf1, Nele Villabruna1, Marion Pg Koopmans1

  • 1Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Current Opinion in Virology
|January 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Human norovirus causes widespread gastroenteritis. Understanding its transmission mechanisms and host factors is crucial for developing effective prevention and control strategies globally.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Human norovirus is a primary cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide.
  • Norovirus outbreaks pose significant public health challenges in communities and healthcare settings.
  • Effective control requires tailored prevention strategies based on pathogen and host factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms of human norovirus transmission.
  • To review and evaluate existing model systems for studying norovirus transmission.
  • To propose future research directions for norovirus control.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on norovirus transmission.
  • Analysis of viral and host determinants influencing norovirus spread.

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Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples
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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces
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Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples
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  • Evaluation of strengths and weaknesses of current norovirus model systems.

    • Main Results:

    • Norovirus transmission is complex, influenced by viral properties and host susceptibility.
    • Various model systems exist, each with limitations in fully replicating human infection.
    • Understanding transmission dynamics is key to targeted interventions.

    Conclusions:

    • Enhanced knowledge of norovirus transmission mechanisms and host determinants is essential.
    • Development of improved model systems is needed for better research outcomes.
    • Future research should focus on refining transmission understanding for enhanced outbreak control.