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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Related Experiment Video

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Preparation and Applications of Organotypic Thymic Slice Cultures
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Roles of SMC Complexes During T Lymphocyte Development and Function.

J S Rawlings1

  • 1Furman University, Greenville, SC, United States.

Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology
|January 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) complexes regulate T cell proliferation by altering chromatin architecture. These complexes are crucial for T cell development and immune response functions.

Keywords:
ChromatinCohesinCondensinSMC complexesT cell

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • T lymphocytes (T cells) are key immune cells with diverse functions.
  • T cells are quiescent until activated in the periphery, with proliferation controlled by chromatin.
  • Quiescent T cells have condensed chromatin; proliferating T cells have open chromatin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) complexes in T cell biology.
  • To highlight SMC complex involvement in T cell development and immune functions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on SMC complexes and T cell function.
  • Focus on chromatin architecture modulation by SMC complexes during T cell interphase.

Main Results:

  • SMC complexes (Cohesin, Condensin) modulate chromatin architecture.
  • These complexes are vital for T cell proliferation control.
  • SMC complexes also regulate large-scale chromatin reorganization and gene expression in interphase.

Conclusions:

  • SMC complexes play significant roles in T cell development and function.
  • Understanding SMC complex roles in chromatin organization is critical for T cell immunology.