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Related Concept Videos

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
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Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
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Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Muscles of the Vertebral Column01:27

Muscles of the Vertebral Column

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The back muscles that lie deep into the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic or true back muscles. These muscles are divided into four layers: superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers.
Superficial Layer:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model
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Metals in Spine.

Dimitri Tahal1, Karthik Madhavan1, Lee Onn Chieng1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miama, Florida, USA.

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Summary

Selecting the right spinal implant alloy is crucial for treating spinal disorders. This review compares titanium, cobalt-chrome, nitinol, and tantalum alloys for biofunctionality and biocompatibility in spinal instrumentation.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials science and engineering
  • Orthopedic surgery and biomechanics

Background:

  • Spinal disorder treatment necessitates careful material selection for implants.
  • Alloys exhibit diverse mechanical properties and physiological responses.
  • Spinal implants require excellent biofunctionality and biocompatibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare key alloys used in spinal instrumentation.
  • To assess the properties of titanium, cobalt-chrome, nitinol, and tantalum.
  • To guide the selection of optimal alloys for specific surgical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of relevant scientific studies and engineering data.
  • Comparative analysis of material properties for selected alloys.
  • Evaluation based on biofunctionality, biocompatibility, and mechanical characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Detailed examination of titanium, cobalt-chrome, nitinol, and tantalum alloys.
  • Exploration of critical properties influencing alloy performance in spinal implants.
  • Identification of alloy-specific advantages and limitations.

Conclusions:

  • Alloy selection for spinal implants is multifactorial, requiring consideration of specific surgical needs.
  • Understanding the comparative properties of titanium, cobalt-chrome, nitinol, and tantalum aids in optimal device choice.
  • This review provides a basis for determining the best alloy for particular spinal surgery scenarios.