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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:30

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
2.4K
Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action01:23

Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block sensory and motor impulses by inhibiting the sodium channels on the nerve cell membranes. This induces temporary loss of sensation, relieving pain in a specific body area.
Local anesthetics are amphiphilic molecules consisting of a hydrophobic aromatic part linked to a hydrophilic group by an ester or amide linkage. They are weak bases and are usually available as salts, which increases their solubility and stability. Once administered, LAs exist in the body either...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Multi-photon Intracellular Sodium Imaging Combined with UV-mediated Focal Uncaging of Glutamate in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons
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Ultrasensitive Phototriggered Local Anesthesia.

Changyou Zhan1,2, Weiping Wang2, Claudia Santamaria2

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education , Shanghai 200032, China.

Nano Letters
|January 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary

A new injectable device uses near-infrared light to trigger on-demand local anesthesia. This phototriggerable system allows repeatable and adjustable nerve blocks for effective pain management with minimal toxicity.

Keywords:
Phototriggeringgold nanorodliposomelocal anesthesiatetrodotoxin

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Effective pain management requires reliable local anesthesia delivery.
  • Current methods lack precise, on-demand control and repeatability.
  • Injectable anesthetics with adjustable duration and intensity are needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a phototriggerable injectable device for on-demand local anesthesia.
  • To achieve repeatable and adjustable nerve blocks in superficial and deep tissues.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the system in vivo.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of gold nanorods attached to low temperature sensitive liposomes (LTSL).
  • Loading LTSL with tetrodotoxin and dexmedetomidine as anesthetic payloads.
  • Utilizing near-infrared (NIR) light to induce payload release via photothermal heating.
  • In vivo testing for infiltration anesthesia and sciatic nerve blockade in animal models.

Main Results:

  • The device enabled repeatable and adjustable on-demand anesthesia and nerve blockade.
  • NIR light (808 nm) at low fluence rapidly released the anesthetic payload.
  • Nerve block intensity and duration were controllable by light irradiance and duration.
  • The system demonstrated minimal toxicity in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • The phototriggerable LTSL-based system offers a novel approach for on-demand, adjustable local anesthesia.
  • This technology holds promise for precise pain management with enhanced control and repeatability.
  • Further research may optimize the system for clinical translation in pain therapy.