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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Published on: March 25, 2011

Efferent Vision Therapy.

Janet C Rucker¹, Paul H Phillips

¹Department of Neurology (JCR), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; and Department of Ophthalmology (PHP), University of Arkansas Medical Center, Little Rock, Arkansas.

Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society

|January 7, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Convergence exercises effectively treat convergence insufficiency (CI) in healthy individuals, though optimal treatment remains unclear. Evidence does not support vision therapy for learning disabilities, reading issues, dyslexia, or ADHD.

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Optometry
Behavioral Optometry

Background:

Orthoptic therapy aims to improve visual acuity and ocular alignment.
Convergence exercises are a common treatment for convergence insufficiency (CI).
Some vision therapies use repetitive ocular motor tasks for learning disabilities, dyslexia, and ADHD.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the evidence for ocular motility therapy in treating various conditions.
To assess the efficacy of vision therapy for learning disabilities and related disorders.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing studies.
Analysis of randomized, controlled, double-masked trials.

Main Results:

Convergence exercises show efficacy in treating CI in healthy patients.
Optimal parameters for convergence exercises (tasks, duration, frequency) are not established.
No consistent ocular motor deficits found in patients with learning disabilities, dyslexia, or ADHD.
No randomized controlled studies demonstrate vision therapy benefits for these conditions.

Conclusions:

Convergence exercises are effective for CI in healthy individuals; optimal regimens require further study.
Insufficient evidence exists to support vision therapy for learning disabilities, reading impairments, dyslexia, or ADHD.