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Related Concept Videos

Curing Methods01:26

Curing Methods

353
Concrete members with a small surface-to-volume ratio are cured by oiling and moistening the forms before casting the concrete member. These forms can be left in place for a prolonged period to prevent moisture loss, and can be wetted if made of a material suitable for wetting. If the forms are removed early, the concrete member is moistened and covered with polythene sheets to maintain moisture. For large horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to dry weather, a temporary covering is suspended...
353
Curing of Concrete01:20

Curing of Concrete

424
The hydration of cement takes place within the water-filled capillary pores. However, environmental elements can disrupt this process by evaporating water from the concrete surfaces. Sealed concrete with a water-cement ratio below 0.5 experiences self-desiccation, leading to water loss. The water loss in concrete is mitigated by curing. This technique involves keeping the concrete saturated to maintain the necessary temperature and moisture conditions, to optimally fill the spaces in the cement...
424
Accelerated Curing of Concrete01:25

Accelerated Curing of Concrete

530
Accelerating concrete curing is achieved by applying heat and additional moisture. This process accelerates the hydration of the cement, resulting in an earlier strength gain in the concrete. Steam curing is a method wherein the concrete products are either transported through a chamber on a conveyor belt or encased in plastic, allowing steam at atmospheric pressure to circulate freely around them. This process begins with a phase of moist curing that typically lasts between 3 to 5 hours, after...
530
Vapor Pressure Lowering03:28

Vapor Pressure Lowering

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The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates:
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An Inverse Analysis Approach to the Characterization of Chemical Transport in Paints
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Characterization of Curing Emissions from Conversion Varnishes.

Robert C McCrillis1, Elizabeth M Howard1, Zhishi Guo1

  • 1a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA.

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)
|January 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study analyzed volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde in commercial conversion varnishes. Results show high volatile content and varying free formaldehyde levels, with specific ketones, alcohols, and aromatic hydrocarbons identified as primary constituents.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Industrial Coatings

Background:

  • Conversion varnishes are widely used in industrial applications.
  • Understanding the volatile organic compound (VOC) and formaldehyde content is crucial for regulatory compliance and environmental health.
  • Limited data exists on the specific chemical composition of commercially available conversion varnish systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the total volatile content of commercial conversion varnishes.
  • To determine the concentration of uncombined (free) formaldehyde in these coatings.
  • To identify the primary volatile organic constituents present in the varnishes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of total volatile content using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 24.
  • Determination of free formaldehyde concentrations via sodium sulfite titration.
  • Gas chromatography analysis (EPA Method 311) for identifying specific VOCs in sealers and topcoats.

Main Results:

  • Total volatile content ranged from 64% to 73% by weight in catalyzed varnishes.
  • Free formaldehyde concentrations in uncatalyzed varnishes varied from 0.15% to 0.58% by weight.
  • Key identified VOCs included methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), butanol isomers, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene.

Conclusions:

  • Commercial conversion varnishes contain significant levels of volatile organic compounds.
  • The presence of free formaldehyde necessitates careful handling and emission control.
  • Detailed chemical analysis provides essential data for environmental and safety assessments of these coating systems.