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Related Concept Videos

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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Mitochondria01:37

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
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The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
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The energy released from the breakdown of the chemical bonds within nutrients can be stored either through the reduction of electron carriers or in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In living systems, a small class of compounds functions as mobile electron carriers, molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways. The principal electron carriers that will be considered originate from the B vitamin group and are derivatives of nucleotides; they are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases
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The multifaceted role of Nrf2 in mitochondrial function.

Kira M Holmström1, Rumen V Kostov2, Albena T Dinkova-Kostova3

  • 1BioMediTech and Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Current Opinion in Toxicology
|January 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates cellular redox balance and impacts mitochondrial function. Activated Nrf2 protects against mitochondrial toxins and supports stem cell functions, offering therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
GlucoraphaninKeap1MitohormesisMitophagyNeurodegenerative diseaseNrfPMIRTA-408Stem cellsSulforaphane

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key regulator of cellular redox homeostasis.
  • Nrf2 controls a network of genes involved in antioxidant defense, detoxification, and inflammation.
  • Emerging evidence highlights Nrf2's crucial role in regulating mitochondrial function.

Approach:

  • Investigated the impact of Nrf2 on mitochondrial physiology and its role in cytoprotection.
  • Examined the consequences of Nrf2 deficiency on mitochondrial respiration and ATP production.
  • Assessed the effects of Nrf2 activators on mitochondrial integrity and stress resistance.

Key Points:

  • Nrf2 activity is suppressed in mitochondrial disorders like Parkinson's disease.
  • Nrf2 deficiency impairs mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, respiration, and ATP production.
  • Nrf2 activators enhance mitochondrial integrity, promote mitophagy, and confer resistance to oxidative stress.

Conclusions:

  • Nrf2 plays a significant role in maintaining mitochondrial health and function.
  • Nrf2 modulation offers potential therapeutic strategies for mitochondrial dysfunction and related diseases.
  • Nrf2 influences stem cell biology, with implications for regenerative medicine.