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The Electromagnetic Spectrum01:24

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Electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies, giving the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are classified as radio, infrared, ultraviolet, etc. Radio waves refer to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from millimeters to kilometers. Radio waves are commonly used for audio communications (i.e., radios) and typically result from an alternating current in the wires of a broadcast antenna. They cover a broad wavelength range and are used...
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The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the various colors of visible light has specific frequencies and wavelengths associated with them, and you can see that visible light makes up only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Because the technologies developed to work in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are different, for reasons of convenience and historical...
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IR Spectrum01:19

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When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
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Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single...
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Spectrum Sharing Based on a Bertrand Game in Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks.

Biqing Zeng1, Chi Zhang2, Pianpian Hu3

  • 1School of Computing, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China. zengbiqing0528@163.com.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a two-stage model for spectrum leasing and allocation in cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs). It ensures secondary users meet communication demands efficiently while maximizing spectrum utilization.

Keywords:
Bertrand gamespectrum allocationspectrum leasingspectrum pricingwireless sensor network

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Area of Science:

  • Wireless Communication
  • Network Resource Management
  • Game Theory

Background:

  • Traditional secondary user utility focuses on signal-to-noise ratio, neglecting communication demand.
  • Maximizing communication demand and spectrum utilization is crucial but under-researched in cognitive radio.
  • Cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs) require efficient spectrum management strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the lack of research on secondary user utility from a communication demand perspective.
  • To design a two-stage model for spectrum leasing and allocation in CRSNs.
  • To ensure efficient and fair satisfaction of communication requirements for secondary users.

Main Methods:

  • A two-stage model is proposed for spectrum leasing and allocation.
  • The first stage uses the Bertrand game to model spectrum renting between primary and secondary base stations.
  • The second stage formulates subcarrier and power allocation as a nonlinear programming problem solved via Nash bargaining.

Main Results:

  • The proposed model effectively satisfies communication requirements of secondary users.
  • The model achieves fair and efficient spectrum allocation compared to existing schemes.
  • Simulation results validate the model's performance in CRSNs.

Conclusions:

  • The developed two-stage model offers a novel approach to spectrum management in CRSNs.
  • Considering communication demand enhances spectrum utilization and user satisfaction.
  • The model provides a fair and efficient solution for spectrum leasing and allocation problems.