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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
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Transient medial prefrontal perturbation reduces false memory formation.

Ruud M W J Berkers1, Marieke van der Linden2, Rafael F de Almeida3

  • 1Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive & Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.

Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
|January 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Prior knowledge schemas can lead to false memories. Disrupting the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) reduced these false memories in a DRM task.

Keywords:
Deese–Roediger–McDermottFalse memoryMedial prefrontal cortexRecallTranscranial magnetic stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Memory Research
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Schemas, or knowledge from past experiences, aid memory encoding but can also create false memories for related, unstudied information.
  • The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm demonstrates how studying schema-related words induces false recall of non-studied, congruent words.
  • The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is implicated in using prior knowledge to guide memory encoding and retrieval.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in schema-induced false memories.
  • To determine if transiently perturbing mPFC activity affects false memory formation within the DRM paradigm.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to temporarily disrupt mPFC activity.
  • Participants performed the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) task after mPFC perturbation.
  • Compared false recall rates between an mPFC perturbation group and two control groups.

Main Results:

  • mPFC perturbation significantly reduced the false recall of critical lures compared to control groups.
  • Veridical recall (accurate memory) and recognition memory performance were unaffected by mPFC perturbation.
  • These findings suggest a specific role for the mPFC in modulating schema-based memory biases.

Conclusions:

  • The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) causally influences the integration of prior knowledge into new memory formation.
  • Transient disruption of mPFC activity selectively reduces schema-consistent false memories.
  • These results highlight the mPFC's role in preventing the over-assimilation of information based on existing knowledge schemas.