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Related Concept Videos

Angular Momentum01:21

Angular Momentum

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Angular momentum characterizes an object's rotational motion and is defined as the moment of its linear momentum about a specified point O. When a particle moves along a curved path in the x-y plane, the scalar formulation calculates the magnitude of its angular momentum, utilizing the moment arm (d), representing the perpendicular distance from point O to the line of action of the linear momentum. Despite being scalar in formulation, angular momentum is inherently a vector quantity. Its...
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Angular Momentum about an Arbitrary Axis01:11

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Imagine a rigid body with a mass denoted as 'm', which has its center of mass at point G and is rotating around an inertial reference frame. The angular momentum at an arbitrary point P can be calculated by taking the cross product of the position vector and linear momentum vector for each individual mass element.
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Conservation of Angular Momentum: Application01:18

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A system's total angular momentum remains constant if the net external torque acting on the system is zero. Examples of such systems include a freely spinning bicycle tire that slows over time due to torque arising from friction, or the slowing of Earth's rotation over millions of years due to frictional forces exerted on tidal deformations. However in the absence of a net external torque, the angular momentum remains conserved. The conservation of angular momentum principle requires a...
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Angular Momentum: Single Particle01:10

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Angular momentum is directed perpendicular to the plane of the rotation, and its magnitude depends on the choice of the origin. The perpendicular vector joining the linear momentum vector of an object to the origin is called the “lever arm.” If the lever arm and linear momentum are collinear, then the magnitude of the angular momentum is zero. Therefore, in this case, the object rotates about the origin such that it lies on the rim of the circumference defined by the lever arm...
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A system's total angular momentum remains constant if the net external torque acting on the system is zero. Considering a system that consists of n tiny particles, the angular momentum of any tiny particle may change, but the system's total angular momentum would remain constant. The principle of conservation of angular momentum only considers the net external torque acting on the system. While there are internal forces exerted by different particles within the system that also produce...
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Angular Momentum and Principle Axes of Inertia01:09

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The concept of angular momentum for a solid structure is illustrated as the cumulative result of the cross-product of the position vector of the mass element and the cross-product of the body's angular velocity with the position vector.
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Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
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Orbital angular momentum: a personal memoir.

L Allen1

  • 1SUPA and Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK stephen.barnett@glasgow.ac.uk.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|January 11, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A definitive model for orbital angular momentum is now available. This memoir details its early history and key contributors from over two decades ago.

Keywords:
angular momentumlaser physicsoptics

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Optics

Background:

  • The concept of orbital angular momentum (OAM) in optics has evolved significantly.
  • Understanding the foundational models and historical development is crucial for current research.

Approach:

  • This memoir provides a definitive statement on the established model for optical orbital angular momentum.
  • It traces the historical trajectory and highlights the contributions of key figures involved in its early development.

Key Points:

  • A comprehensive model describing optical orbital angular momentum is now formally available.
  • The historical context and the collaborative efforts in developing this model are detailed.
  • This work is part of a themed issue focusing on optical orbital angular momentum.

Conclusions:

  • The availability of a definitive model simplifies and solidifies the understanding of optical OAM.
  • Recounting the history provides valuable insights into the scientific process and the evolution of the field.