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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

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Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
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Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
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Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

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Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
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Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

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Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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Assessing recent warming using instrumentally homogeneous sea surface temperature records.

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Recent sea surface temperature (SST) data show warming trends. However, common reconstructions like ERSST, HadSST3, and COBE-SST may underestimate recent ocean warming due to cooling biases.

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Area of Science:

  • Climatology
  • Oceanography
  • Data Science

Background:

  • Sea surface temperature (SST) records are crucial for climate monitoring but can be affected by instrumentation changes.
  • Discrepancies exist among major SST datasets, including NOAA's ERSST, HadSST3, and COBE-SST, particularly in recent decades.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate biases in commonly used SST datasets (ERSST, HadSST3, COBE-SST) from 2003 onwards.
  • To compare these datasets with independent, homogeneous SST measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of multiple SST reconstruction datasets (ERSST, HadSST3, COBE-SST).
  • Validation against independent data from buoys, Argo floats, and satellite measurements.
  • Trend analysis of SST data over recent decades.

Main Results:

  • ERSST version 4 shows an increased warming trend (0.12°C/decade) compared to version 3b (0.07°C/decade) over the last 19 years.
  • ERSST version 4 trends align well with independent buoy, Argo, and satellite SST data.
  • ERSST version 3b, HadSST3, and COBE-SST exhibit significant cooling biases relative to independent measurements since 2003.

Conclusions:

  • The study highlights potential underestimation of recent ocean warming in widely used SST datasets.
  • ERSST version 4 appears more consistent with independent, modern SST measurements.
  • Further refinement of SST datasets is necessary for accurate climate change assessment.