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Related Concept Videos

DNA Topoisomerases02:02

DNA Topoisomerases

36.8K
Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
Types and Mechanism of action
Topoisomerases are divided into two main types. ...
36.8K
DNA Helicases00:55

DNA Helicases

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DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
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Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...
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Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins01:03

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

17.0K
For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...
17.0K
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

7.1K
Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
7.1K
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

64.8K
The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Simple and Fast Rolling Circle Amplification-Based Detection of Topoisomerase 1 Activity in Crude Biological Samples
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Type I DNA Topoisomerases.

Giovanni Capranico1, Jessica Marinello1, Giovanni Chillemi2

  • 1Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 8/2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
|January 11, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DNA topoisomerases are vital enzymes. Recent research reveals type I DNA topoisomerases have unexpected roles in gene regulation and DNA structure, making them promising drug targets for diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Enzymology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • DNA topoisomerases are essential enzymes regulating DNA topology across all life domains.
  • They exhibit diverse structures, catalytic mechanisms, and functions, with some acting as drug targets for cancer and infections.
  • Recent research highlights novel roles for type I DNA topoisomerases in gene expression and chromatin conformation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted roles of DNA topoisomerases, particularly type I enzymes.
  • To investigate the potential of type I DNA topoisomerases as therapeutic targets for human diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent decade-long research findings on DNA topoisomerase functions.
  • Analysis of enzymatic mechanisms and structural differences among topoisomerase classes.
  • Evaluation of drug discovery potential based on identified biological roles.

Main Results:

  • Type I DNA topoisomerases play significant, previously unrecognized roles in gene expression regulation.
  • These enzymes are crucial in modulating DNA and chromatin conformations.
  • Hundreds of compounds are known to inhibit bacterial and eukaryotic topoisomerases.

Conclusions:

  • Type I DNA topoisomerases represent promising targets for developing new drugs against multidrug-resistant infections and genetic disorders.
  • Further research into their biological functions could unlock novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Understanding topoisomerase diversity is key to advancing treatments for various human diseases.