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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

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Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
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Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

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Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
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Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview01:29

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

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Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
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Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

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Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
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Dosage Regimens: Partial Pharmacokinetic Parameters01:01

Dosage Regimens: Partial Pharmacokinetic Parameters

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It is not uncommon for complete drug pharmacokinetic profiles to remain elusive in pharmacokinetics. This necessitates certain educated assumptions by pharmacokineticists to determine appropriate dosage regimens without comprehensive pharmacokinetic data from animal or human studies. One prevalent assumption is setting the bioavailability factor, denoted as F, to 1 or 100%. This assumption caters to the scenario where a drug doesn't achieve full systemic absorption, resulting in the patient...
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Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

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The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
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Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System
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Characterizing Pharmacogenomic-Guided Medication Use With a Clinical Data Repository.

P C Mathias1, N Hendrix2, W-J Wang2

  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
|January 11, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pharmacogenomic testing is rarely used in clinical practice without structured programs. This study found low uptake of germline and somatic pharmacogenomic tests, highlighting the need for organized approaches to precision medicine.

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Pharmacology
  • Genomics
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Pharmacogenomic-guided medication use is key to precision medicine.
  • Adoption rates in healthcare systems are not well-understood.
  • This study examines pharmacogenomic testing frequency in a system without a structured program.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the frequency of pharmacogenomic testing in a large health system.
  • To assess the uptake of germline and somatic pharmacogenomic tests.
  • To evaluate the need for structured pharmacogenomic testing programs.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a multisite clinical data repository.
  • Identified adult patients' first medication orders (Jan 2011-Dec 2013).
  • Investigated germline and somatic pharmacogenomic testing frequency based on FDA label information and Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase levels.

Main Results:

  • 1.5% of medication orders with recommended/required germline pharmacogenomic testing showed detectable testing.
  • 20% of medication orders with required somatic pharmacogenomic testing showed detectable testing.
  • Overall pharmacogenomic testing rates were low.

Conclusions:

  • Low rates of pharmacogenomic testing indicate limited adoption.
  • Structured pharmacogenomic testing programs are essential for advancing precision medicine.
  • Systematic implementation is necessary to realize the benefits of pharmacogenomics.