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Pharmaceuticals in a temperate forest-water reuse system.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Hydrology

Background:

  • Forest-water reuse systems treat wastewater using forest soils and aquifers.
  • These systems effectively manage regulated pollutants but the fate of unregulated chemicals like PPCPs is understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify 33 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in a forest wastewater reuse system.
  • To assess the distribution and environmental fate of PPCPs in soils, groundwater, and surface waters.

Main Methods:

  • Quantified 33 PPCPs in soil, groundwater, and surface water samples from a 2000-hectare forest receiving municipal wastewater.
  • Analyzed PPCP concentrations in relation to wastewater input, rainfall, and hydrophobic properties.

Main Results:

  • PPCPs were detected in soils, groundwater, and surface waters.
  • PPCPs were 10x more abundant in soils (5-10 ng/g) than groundwater (50-100 ng/L), with hydrophobic compounds dominating soil.
  • Surface water PPCP concentrations peaked during storm events and low-rainfall periods, exceeding 80 ng/L.

Conclusions:

  • Forest wastewater reuse systems contribute PPCPs to the environment.
  • PPCP distribution is influenced by soil hydrophobicity and hydrological conditions.
  • Margins of exposure for PPCPs in groundwater and surface waters were generally above human health risk thresholds.