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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems
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Function and origin of mistranslation in distinct cellular contexts.

Michael H Schwartz1, Tao Pan1

  • 1a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Chicago, Chicago , IL , USA.

Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
|January 12, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Mistranslation, errors in protein synthesis, is now understood to be actively induced by cells. This cellular process can benefit organisms in specific contexts, challenging the view of it as purely aberrant.

Keywords:
Mistranslationadaptationmisacylationmiscodingribosomestress responsetRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Mistranslation, errors in protein synthesis, was traditionally viewed as a cellular aberration to be avoided.
  • Recent findings reveal that cells across all domains of life tolerate and even induce mistranslation.
  • This challenges the long-held notion of mistranslation as solely an erroneous process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and conceptualize the diverse types of mistranslation.
  • To explore the origins and functional consequences of mistranslation.
  • To understand how cellular context influences the optimal degree of translational fidelity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent evidence on mistranslation.
  • Conceptual analysis of mistranslational processes.
  • Synthesis of findings on cellular induction and tolerance of mistranslation.

Main Results:

  • Mistranslation is not always an error; cells actively regulate it.
  • Dedicated biological mechanisms exist to reduce translational fidelity.
  • The optimal level of translational fidelity is context-dependent.

Conclusions:

  • Mistranslation can be a beneficial cellular strategy.
  • Understanding the spectrum of mistranslational processes is crucial.
  • Cellular context dictates the functional role of mistranslation.