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Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Simulator Training for Endovascular Neurosurgery

Simulator Training for Endovascular Neurosurgery

Published on: May 6, 2020

Low Cost Simulator for Heart Surgery Training.

Roberto Rocha e Silva¹, Artur Lourenção¹, Maxim Goncharov¹

¹Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InCor-HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery

|January 12, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a low-cost, biological material-free cardiovascular surgery simulator. It enables extensive training for surgeons at any institution, promoting skill development without significant financial investment.

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Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Surgery
Medical Simulation
Surgical Training

Background:

Traditional cardiovascular surgery training requires expensive simulators and biological materials.
Limited access to training resources hinders skill development, especially in resource-constrained settings.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel, low-cost, and accessible cardiovascular surgery simulator.
To facilitate comprehensive surgical training for institutions and individual surgeons.

Main Methods:

Constructed a simulator using readily available, inert materials like plastic boxes, wooden frames, silicone trays, and ethyl vinyl acetate.
Developed specific modules for aortic procedures, valve replacement, valvoplasty, and atrial septal defect repair.

Main Results:

The simulator is cost-effective, easy to assemble, and requires no biological materials, eliminating contamination risks.
Surgeons reported improved familiarity and enhanced surgical techniques after training with the simulator.

Conclusions:

The developed simulator is an effective and economical alternative to existing models.
It significantly broadens the scope of accessible cardiovascular surgery training.