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Riboswitches01:56

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Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Translational Regulation01:29

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Ribosomal Proteins Rpl22 and Rpl22l1 Control Morphogenesis by Regulating Pre-mRNA Splicing.

Yong Zhang1, Monique N O'Leary2, Suraj Peri1

  • 1Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.

Cell Reports
|January 12, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ribosomal proteins Rpl22 and Like1 have extraribosomal roles in embryogenesis. They control morphogenesis by regulating smad2 pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus.

Keywords:
Rpl22Rpl22l1Smad2extraribosomal functiongastrulationhnRNP-A1morphogenesisparalogpre-mRNA splicingribosomal protein

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Ribosomal proteins (RP) traditionally viewed as static ribosome components.
  • Emerging evidence shows RNA-binding RP perform extraribosomal regulatory functions.
  • These functions involve binding to target mRNAs and influencing cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate extraribosomal roles of Rpl22 and Rpl22-Like1 (Like1) in embryogenesis.
  • Elucidate their function in controlling morphogenesis.
  • Determine their mechanism of action in regulating gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Studied Rpl22 and Like1 localization during embryogenesis.
  • Analyzed their interaction with smad2 pre-mRNA.
  • Investigated their role in modulating smad2 splicing via exon skipping/inclusion.

Main Results:

  • Rpl22 and Like1 exhibit developmentally regulated nuclear localization.
  • They antagonistically control morphogenesis.
  • Rpl22 induces smad2 exon 9 skipping, while Like1 promotes exon 9 inclusion.
  • This modulation affects Nodal/TGF-β signaling pathway.

Conclusions:

  • Rpl22 and Like1 possess critical extraribosomal functions in embryogenesis.
  • Their nuclear roles in modulating smad2 splicing represent a novel mode of RP action.
  • This discovery shifts the paradigm of ribosomal protein function beyond protein synthesis.