Effect of parthanatos on ropivacaine-induced damage in SH-SY5Y cells

Ropivacaine is one of the most common but toxic local anaesthetics, and the mechanisms underlying its neurotoxicity are still largely unknown. This study was conducted to prepare a ropivacaine-induced neuronal injury model and research the effects of ropivacaine on PARP-1 activation and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)⁺ depletion. The cell death and apoptosis of ropivacaine-induced SH-SY5Y cells were detected with flow cytometry. The lactate dehydrogenase cycling reaction measured the NAD⁺ level, and western blots were used to analyze the expression levels of PARP-1 and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) after ropivacaine treatments with different concentrations and durations. A PARP-1 inhibitor (PJ-34) was used to confirm the relationship between PARP-1 activation and NAD⁺ depletion. Hoechst 33258 nuclear staining and a mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) assay were used to detect the role of exogenous NAD⁺ in ropivacaine-induced neuronal injury. Ropivacaine-induced SH-SY5Y cell death and apoptosis, PARP-1 activation, and AIF increase as well as intracellular NAD⁺ depletion occurred in a time- and concentration-dependent manner (P<.05). PARP-1 activation led to NAD⁺ depletion (P<.05). Exogenous NAD⁺ impaired ropivacaine-induced nuclear injury (P<.05). Ropivacaine treatment induced PARP-1 activation and NAD⁺ depletion (P<.05). Parthanatos (PARP-1-dependent cell death) was definitely involved in ropivacaine-induced neuronal injury, and exogenous NAD⁺ may be a novel therapeutic method for parthanatos-dependent neuronal injury.