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Updated: Mar 8, 2026
An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps
Published on: December 5, 2025
TRIDIMENSIONAL DOPPLER ASSESSMENT: A RELIABLE, NON-INVASIVE AND COST-EFFECTIVE METHOD FOR PREOPERATIVE PERFORATOR
Background:
The preoperative perforator mapping is an important step in autologous breast reconstruction, making the flap raising safer, more predictable and time-saving. Although the Doppler exam has proven to be less accurate in locating perforators compared with colour duplex sonography and CTA, it will probably remain of importance in clinical practice. The aim of this paper is to share some advices on how to perform a Doppler exam in preoperative evaluation of a DIEAp flap, increasing its reliability in location of the perforators.
Methods:
The study was carried-out preoperatively on 26 consecutive patients. For the evaluation of the matching between Doppler Dot and operative finding was used a Cartesian coordinate systemResults: We have marked preoperatively 145 perforators in 26 patients for a total of 52 semi-abdomens. An average of 5.6 vessels per patient were marked. Of these, 80 (55.17%) were found between 0-1 cm, 36 (24.82%) between 1-2 cm and 5 (3.4%) of these more than 2 cm from each other. We had 24 (16.55%) false positives in which there was no correspondence between the signal and the intraoperative finding.
Conclusion:
Although the Doppler exam may not provide the same anatomic details as the other newer modalities, such as CTA and MRA, the HHD remains a very useful and important tool for autologous reconstruction. We recommend performing this exam in our standardized and reproducible method to improve the reliability..
