¹H-NMR-based metabolomic studies of bisphenol A in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy was used to study the response of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to increasing concentrations of bisphenol A (4,4'-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol, BPA). Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was applied to detect aberrant metabolomic profiles after 72 h of BPA exposure at all levels tested (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/L). The OPLS-DA score plots showed that BPA exposure caused significant alterations in the metabolome. The metabolomic changes in response to BPA exposure generally exhibited nonlinear patterns, with the exception of reduced levels of several metabolites, including glutamine, inosine, lactate, and succinate. As the level of BPA exposure increased, individual metabolite patterns indicated that the zebrafish metabolome was subjected to severe oxidative stress. Interestingly, ATP levels increased significantly at all levels of BPA exposure. In the present study, we demonstrated the applicability of ¹H-NMR-based metabolomics to identify the discrete nature of metabolic changes.