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Epidemiology and Host Factors.

Jay B Mehta1, Asim K Dutt2

  • 1Department of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN 37614.

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|January 14, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tuberculosis (TB) incidence is declining globally but remains a concern in developing nations. In the USA, TB risk is higher in immunocompromised individuals, the elderly, and certain ethnic groups, necessitating targeted prevention strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Global tuberculosis (TB) cases exceeded 9.6 million in 2014, with developing countries bearing the highest burden.
  • Challenges in developing nations include limited diagnostics, underreporting, and underutilization of directly observed therapy (DOT).
  • While TB incidence declined in developed countries, the rate slowed in the USA by 2014, indicating a leveling trend.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology of tuberculosis.
  • To identify host factors and populations at high risk for active TB.
  • To present current trends in mycobacterial drug resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on epidemiology and host factors of tuberculosis.
  • Analysis of risk factors including immunocompromised status, age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors.
  • Brief overview of drug resistance patterns in mycobacteria.

Main Results:

  • High-risk groups in developed countries like the USA include immunocompromised individuals (especially with HIV), elderly, African-Americans, foreign-born, and homeless populations.
  • Medical conditions reducing host immunity (diabetes, cancer, immunosuppressive therapy) increase TB risk.
  • Mycobacterial virulence and host genetic factors also influence TB development.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding TB epidemiology and identifying high-risk populations are crucial for targeted interventions.
  • Continued surveillance and research into host factors and drug resistance are necessary for effective TB control.
  • Addressing socioeconomic and health disparities is vital for reducing TB incidence globally.