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Can phoretic particles swim in two dimensions?

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Artificial phoretic particles utilize self-generated gradients for propulsion. In 2D, finite advection prevents swimming velocity decay, enabling particle movement to unconsumed reactant regions.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics of active matter
  • Soft matter physics
  • Bioengineering applications

Background:

  • Artificial phoretic particles self-propel via self-generated chemical or electrical gradients.
  • Self-diffusiophoresis models typically rely on steady-state diffusion equations.
  • Applications include studying collective motion and bioengineering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Extend phoretic particle models to two dimensions, motivated by confined disk-shaped particles.
  • Investigate the long-time behavior and swimming velocity in 2D systems.
  • Determine if the logarithmic decay of swimming velocity can be overcome.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Laplace transforms to analyze the long-time behavior of the 2D diffusion equation.
  • Investigated systems with fixed chemical fluxes on particle surfaces.
  • Solved the full advection-diffusion equation numerically for finite Péclet numbers.

Main Results:

  • In 2D, swimming velocity with fixed chemical fluxes decays logarithmically over time.
  • Finite advection allows particles to move to regions of unconsumed reactant.
  • This movement avoids the velocity decay, regularizing the 2D phoretic problem.

Conclusions:

  • The classical 1D steady-state model for diffusiophoresis is insufficient in 2D.
  • Finite advection plays a crucial role in regularizing 2D phoretic motion.
  • Understanding these dynamics is key for designing artificial microswimmers.