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Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions01:21

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions

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In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
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People all belong to a gender, race, age, and social economic group. These groups provide a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and serve as our in-groups. An in-group is a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.
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The construction of masonry paving involves using materials such as bricks, stones, and concrete masonry units. These materials are chosen for their shape, color, strength, and resistance to abrasion and weathering. Masonry units can be installed dry on a thin layer of sand and a gravel base, or they can be embedded in mortar or asphalt on a concrete slab. For areas subjected to heavy vehicular loads, a rigid base layer of reinforced or unreinforced concrete is recommended. In contrast,...
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Frost Action on Concrete01:27

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Concrete structures in cold climates, such as those along roadsides, can retain moisture. This moisture makes them susceptible to frost-related damage when temperatures fall below freezing. Adding moisture worsens the damage during temperature fluctuations, leading to repeated freezing and thawing. De-icing salts, spread over these structures to melt ice, add to the freeze-thaw cycle, and draw even more moisture into the concrete.
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Cold Weather Concreting01:27

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When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
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Hot Weather Concreting01:20

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Concreting at elevated temperatures accelerates the hydration process, leading to quicker setting but potentially reducing the long-term strength of the concrete structure. Additionally, low air humidity fosters rapid moisture loss from the concrete, resulting in reduced workability, pronounced plastic shrinkage, and a higher likelihood of crazing.
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Outside in.

David Newnham

    Nursing Standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987)
    |January 15, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study explores the challenges of communicating during dental visits, particularly when discussing personal experiences like holidays. It highlights the difficulties patients face in articulating their activities while undergoing dental procedures.

    Area of Science:

    • Dentistry
    • Patient Communication
    • Oral Health

    Background:

    • Dental appointments often require patients to communicate sensitive information.
    • The physical limitations during dental procedures can impede clear communication.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the difficulties patients experience when discussing personal activities during dental examinations.
    • To identify communication barriers in the dental setting.

    Main Methods:

    • Qualitative analysis of patient-dentist interactions.
    • Patient surveys on communication experiences during dental visits.

    Main Results:

    • Patients report significant challenges in articulating details due to oral discomfort and procedures.

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  • The study identifies specific phrases and topics that are particularly difficult to discuss.

    • Conclusions:

    • Improving patient comfort and communication strategies is crucial for effective dental visits.
    • Dentists should be aware of potential communication barriers and adapt their approach.