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Related Concept Videos

DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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Transposable elements and circular DNAs.

Tobias Mourier1

  • 1Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.

Mobile Genetic Elements
|January 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circular DNA molecules arise from genomic recombination. This study explores how recombination between human transposable elements can generate circular DNA, potentially impacting gene copy number.

Keywords:
Alu elementscircular DNAseccDNAsevolutiongenomehumanyeast

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Circular DNAs are extrachromosomal DNA fragments formed via genomic recombination.
  • Yeast Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) elements generate circular DNAs through intragenomic recombination between flanking LTRs.
  • Recombination between LTRs at different loci can create circular DNA containing intervening sequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To speculate on the potential generation and implications of circular DNAs formed by recombination between human transposable elements.
  • To extend findings from yeast LTR-mediated circular DNA formation to the human genome.
  • To consider the role of such circular DNA in genomic variations.

Main Methods:

  • The study is primarily speculative, drawing parallels from established mechanisms in yeast.
  • It involves analyzing the potential for similar recombination events involving human transposable elements.
  • The implications are discussed in the context of genomic instability and gene regulation.

Main Results:

  • Human transposable elements, similar to yeast LTRs, possess the potential to mediate recombination leading to extrachromosomal circular DNA formation.
  • These circular DNA molecules could encompass genes and regulatory elements.
  • Such events may contribute to copy number variations and genomic instability in humans.

Conclusions:

  • Recombination between human transposable elements offers a plausible mechanism for generating functionally significant circular DNAs.
  • The formation of these circular DNAs could influence gene expression and genome evolution.
  • Further research is warranted to experimentally validate these speculative mechanisms and their consequences in human cells.