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Breathing

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.

The Respiratory System

The Respiratory System

The respiratory system is comprised of the organs that enable breathing. Air enters the nostrils and mouth, followed by the pharynx (throat) and larynx (voice box), which lead to the trachea (windpipe). In the thoracic cavity, the trachea splits into two bronchi that allow air to enter the lungs. The bronchi split into progressively smaller bronchioles and terminate in small groups of tiny sacs in the lungs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation

Pulmonary Function Tests

Pulmonary Function Tests

Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
Pulmonary Function Tests are crucial diagnostic tools for assessing respiratory function, particularly in patients with chronic respiratory disorders. They comprehensively evaluate lung volumes, ventilatory function, breathing mechanics, diffusion, and gas exchange. These tests help diagnose pulmonary diseases and play a significant role in monitoring disease progression, evaluating disability, and assessing response to therapy.
PFTs involve using a spirometer, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

A Protocol for Detecting and Scavenging Gas-phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

A Protocol for Detecting and Scavenging Gas-phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

Published on: January 2, 2012

Free us from smoke.

¹Emergency and acute care, RCN.

Nursing Standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987)

|January 17, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death and disability in developed nations. Quitting smoking significantly reduces health risks and improves overall well-being.

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Methods to Evaluate Cytotoxicity and Immunosuppression of Combustible Tobacco Product Preparations

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Last Updated: Mar 8, 2026

A Protocol for Detecting and Scavenging Gas-phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

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Automated Measurement of Pulmonary Emphysema and Small Airway Remodeling in Cigarette Smoke-exposed Mice

Automated Measurement of Pulmonary Emphysema and Small Airway Remodeling in Cigarette Smoke-exposed Mice

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Methods to Evaluate Cytotoxicity and Immunosuppression of Combustible Tobacco Product Preparations

Methods to Evaluate Cytotoxicity and Immunosuppression of Combustible Tobacco Product Preparations

Published on: January 10, 2015

Area of Science:

Public Health
Epidemiology
Preventive Medicine

Background:

Smoking remains the foremost preventable cause of mortality and morbidity in industrialized nations.
The detrimental health consequences of tobacco use are well-documented and extensive.

Purpose of the Study:

To underscore the irrefutable evidence linking smoking to preventable death and disability.
To emphasize the public health imperative of addressing tobacco use.

Main Methods:

Review of epidemiological data on smoking-related diseases.
Analysis of mortality and disability statistics attributed to tobacco consumption.

Main Results:

Smoking is unequivocally identified as the primary avoidable factor contributing to death and disability in developed countries.
Substantial public health burden associated with smoking-related illnesses.

Conclusions:

The cessation of smoking is a critical public health priority.
Addressing tobacco use is essential for reducing preventable mortality and disability in developed nations.