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Related Concept Videos

Contact Angle01:13

Contact Angle

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When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Preparation and Friction Force Microscopy Measurements of Immiscible, Opposing Polymer Brushes
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Dynamic contact angles in oil-aqueous polymer solutions.

Amer Al-Shareef1, P Neogi1, Baojun Bai2

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Polymer flooding enhances oil recovery by stabilizing displacement fronts. This study analyzes dynamic contact angles in polymer solutions, finding existing models effective when using zero shear viscosity.

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Area of Science:

  • Petroleum Engineering
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Polymer flooding is crucial for enhanced oil recovery (EOR).
  • Low viscosity brine displacing heavy oil leads to unstable fronts.
  • Water-soluble polymers increase brine viscosity, stabilizing displacement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate micro-level displacement dynamics using dynamic contact angles.
  • Analyze silicone oil-polymer (polyethylene oxide) solution interactions.
  • Understand the role of polymer solutions in EOR displacement stability.

Main Methods:

  • Measurement of dynamic contact angles at the three-phase contact line.
  • Systematic investigation of silicone oil and polyethylene oxide solutions.
  • Comparison of experimental data with existing fluid dynamics models.

Main Results:

  • Dynamic contact angles were measured for silicone oil-polymer solutions.
  • No significant shear thinning or elastic behavior was observed.
  • Existing Newtonian fluid models accurately predict dynamic contact angles using zero shear viscosity.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic contact angles are key to understanding capillary pressure and displacement.
  • Polymer solutions stabilize oil-water displacement fronts in EOR.
  • Standard fluid models can describe polymer solution behavior in this context.