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Related Concept Videos

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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The integrative biology of marmoset monkey vocal learning.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Hemi-laryngeal Setup for Studying Vocal Fold Vibration in Three Dimensions
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Vocal development in a Waddington landscape.

Yayoi Teramoto1, Daniel Y Takahashi1,2, Philip Holmes1,3

  • 1Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.

Elife
|January 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vocal development integrates vocal apparatus, muscles, and nervous system. This study models marmoset vocal development, revealing how these factors shape the vocal developmental landscape and predict changes.

Keywords:
developmental systemsepigenetic landscapemarmoset monkeyneuromechanicsneurosciencesongbirdvocal tract resonance

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Bioacoustics

Background:

  • Vocal development involves complex coordination of multiple biological systems.
  • Understanding the interplay between anatomy, neural control, and behavior is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an integrated, quantitative framework for vocal development using optimal control theory and Waddington's landscape metaphor.
  • To model the vocal development of marmoset monkeys.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a biomechanical model of the marmoset vocal apparatus.
  • Integrated the model with behavioral developmental data.
  • Applied optimal control theory and Waddington's landscape metaphor.

Main Results:

  • The combination of the developing vocal tract, muscles, and nervous system fully explains vocal development patterns.
  • These elements collectively shape the vocal developmental landscape.
  • The framework allows for quantitative predictions of developmental changes.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed framework offers an integrated view of vocal development.
  • It enables predictions for species-specific and comparative vocal development.
  • This approach can elucidate the impact of perturbations on vocal development.