Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Structure of Porins01:21

Structure of Porins

4.1K
Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and gram-negative bacteria have transmembrane, beta-barrel proteins called porins to mediate the free diffusion of ions and metabolites across the membrane. Mitochondrial porin precursors contain conserved amino acid sequences called beta signals at their C-terminal. Beta signals have a  motif of PoXGXXHyXHy (Po-Polar, X-Any amino acid, G-Glycine, Hy-LargeHydrophobic), which are crucial for precursor recognition to initiate precursor assembly. Beta-barrel...
4.1K
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

13.6K
The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
13.6K
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

4.6K
Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
4.6K
Structure and Function of Erythrocytes01:29

Structure and Function of Erythrocytes

6.6K
There are between 4.2 and 6 million erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, in every microliter of blood. These cells are small, flattened biconcave discs with centers that are depressed.
The erythrocyte plasma membrane is associated with proteins such as spectrin, which forms a flexible cytoplasmic meshwork. This meshwork allows erythrocytes to twist, turn, become cup-shaped, and regain their biconcave shape as they pass through narrow capillaries. Additionally, erythrocytes can form...
6.6K
Structure and Function of Leukocytes01:21

Structure and Function of Leukocytes

5.0K
An adult in good health typically has between 4,500 and 11,000 leukocytes, or white blood cells, per microliter of blood, which constitutes about 1% of the total blood volume. Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells contain a nucleus and other cellular organelles but do not have hemoglobin. Most white blood cells reside in connective tissues, particularly in lymphatic organs such as the lymph nodes, with only a small fraction present in circulating blood.
White blood cells protect the body...
5.0K
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

4.2K
The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
4.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Gas-phase unfolding assay rapidly predicts structure-function relationships in engineered antibodies with tuned flexibilities.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Antibody binding geometry and affinity control inhibitory hFcγRIIB receptor signaling.

Immunity·2026
Same author

Realizing the potential of agonistic antibody immunotherapy.

Nature reviews. Drug discovery·2026
Same author

Mapping the effects of specific radiation damage and solvent radiolysis in buffers and crystals with online UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy.

Acta crystallographica. Section D, Structural biology·2026
Same author

The autoantigen TRIM21 assembles proinflammatory immune complexes after lytic cell death.

Science immunology·2026
Same author

Coupled on-line in crystallo UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography to compare specific radiation damage in metal-containing proteins at room versus cryogenic temperature.

Acta crystallographica. Section D, Structural biology·2026
Same journal

m6A modification of LINC00458 enhances HMOX1 stability via ELAVL1 recruitment to promote ferroptosis and aggravate asthma.

Molecular immunology·2026
Same journal

Overexpression of Hes1 inhibits cigarette smoke-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in AT2 cells by activating the Pgc-1α/Tfam signaling pathway.

Molecular immunology·2026
Same journal

Progesterone promotes favorable pregnancy outcomes in recurrent spontaneous, abortion by attenuating NK Cell overactivation and upregulating the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling axis.

Molecular immunology·2026
Same journal

Oleanolic acid alleviates hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting liver macrophage recruitment and polarization.

Molecular immunology·2026
Same journal

Cordycepin attenuates diabetic nephropathy by dual-pathway activation of TFEB to restore autophagy and ameliorate podocyte injury.

Molecular immunology·2026
Same journal

Endothelial-derived TWEAK drives granulosa cell apoptosis in PCOS via the Fn14-oxidative stress axis.

Molecular immunology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Author Spotlight: Streamlining PCR Methods for Enhanced Accessibility and Efficiency
05:30

Author Spotlight: Streamlining PCR Methods for Enhanced Accessibility and Efficiency

Published on: March 1, 2024

929

OX40: Structure and function - What questions remain?

Jane Willoughby1, Jordana Griffiths2, Ivo Tews3

  • 1Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.

Molecular Immunology
|January 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores OX40 (a costimulatory molecule on T cells) and its ligand. Understanding their biology is crucial for developing new antibody immunotherapies targeting T cell responses.

Keywords:
ImmunotherapyMonoclonal antibodyOX40OX40LTnfrTreg

More Related Videos

From Constructs to Crystals – Towards Structure Determination of β-barrel Outer Membrane Proteins
09:55

From Constructs to Crystals – Towards Structure Determination of β-barrel Outer Membrane Proteins

Published on: July 4, 2016

14.2K
Whole-mount Retinal Organoid Visualization with Cellular Resolution
09:20

Whole-mount Retinal Organoid Visualization with Cellular Resolution

Published on: June 20, 2025

1.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Author Spotlight: Streamlining PCR Methods for Enhanced Accessibility and Efficiency
05:30

Author Spotlight: Streamlining PCR Methods for Enhanced Accessibility and Efficiency

Published on: March 1, 2024

929
From Constructs to Crystals – Towards Structure Determination of β-barrel Outer Membrane Proteins
09:55

From Constructs to Crystals – Towards Structure Determination of β-barrel Outer Membrane Proteins

Published on: July 4, 2016

14.2K
Whole-mount Retinal Organoid Visualization with Cellular Resolution
09:20

Whole-mount Retinal Organoid Visualization with Cellular Resolution

Published on: June 20, 2025

1.7K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Immunotherapy

Background:

  • OX40 is a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein and a member of the TNF receptor superfamily.
  • It functions as a costimulatory molecule essential for T cell activation and survival.
  • Despite extensive research, its precise roles across different T cell subsets require further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of OX40 biology.
  • To discuss the OX40:OX40L interaction, downstream signaling, and functions in various T cell subsets.
  • To explore the potential of OX40 as a therapeutic target for antibody-mediated immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing existing research on OX40.
  • Analysis of structural data regarding OX40:OX40L interactions.
  • Discussion of signaling pathways activated by OX40 engagement.
  • Examination of OX40's role in different T cell populations.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of OX40 and its ligand (OX40L) expression patterns.
  • Explanation of the structural basis for OX40-OX40L binding.
  • Summary of OX40-mediated downstream signaling cascades.
  • Insights into OX40's diverse functions across T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, and regulatory T cells.

Conclusions:

  • A deeper understanding of OX40 biology is essential for advancing immunotherapy.
  • Antibody-mediated engagement of OX40 holds significant therapeutic promise.
  • Further research into OX40's function on specific T cell subsets will refine therapeutic strategies.