Microbial genomics and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

Area of Science:

• Clinical microbiology
• Molecular diagnostics
• Genomic epidemiology

Background:

• Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is essential in clinical microbiology for guiding treatment.
• The rise of multi-antibiotic resistant pathogens necessitates faster and more accurate AST methods.
• Traditional culture-based AST methods are often time-consuming.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current and emerging molecular methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST).
• To evaluate the utility and limitations of PCR-mediated and genomic sequencing approaches for pathogen resistance detection.
• To identify challenges and future directions in the application of genomic AST.

Main Methods:

• Review of literature on nucleic acid amplification-based methods (e.g., PCR) for resistance gene detection.
• Analysis of high-throughput sequencing technologies (next-generation sequencing) for targeted and whole-genome AST.
• Assessment of applications in human and veterinary pathogens.

Main Results:

• Nucleic acid amplification and sequencing methods offer rapid detection of resistance determinants.
• Genomic AST, particularly whole-genome sequencing, shows significant potential for comprehensive resistance profiling.
• Interpretation of results can be challenging, with variability in performance across different pathogens and resistance mechanisms.

Conclusions:

• Microbial genome sequencing is poised to become a vital tool in AST, offering rapid and detailed insights into antimicrobial resistance.
• Further development is needed in user-friendly data analysis, cost reduction, database comprehensiveness, and clinical validation studies.
• Bridging the gap between technological advancement and clinical implementation is critical for the successful integration of genomic AST in routine practice.