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Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

41
Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
14.6K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

4.0K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

6.2K
Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Ag-Sn Bimetallic Catalyst with a Core-Shell Structure for CO2 Reduction.

Wesley Luc1, Charles Collins1, Siwen Wang2

  • 1Center of Catalytic Science and Technology, Department and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed novel silver-tin (Ag-Sn) core-shell catalysts for efficient carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion. These catalysts demonstrate high selectivity for formate production, offering a promising route for CO2 utilization and emission reduction.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into valuable chemicals is crucial for mitigating emissions.
  • Electrochemical CO2 reduction requires catalysts to overcome activation energy barriers.
  • First-row transition metals show potential but suffer from oxidation due to high oxygen affinity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize Ag-Sn core-shell electrocatalysts for efficient CO2 conversion.
  • To investigate the role of a partially oxidized shell in catalytic performance.
  • To understand the mechanism of CO2 activation and formate production.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of Ag-Sn bimetallic electrocatalysts with core-shell nanostructures.
  • Electrochemical characterization to evaluate catalytic activity and selectivity.
  • Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations to elucidate reaction mechanisms and active sites.

Main Results:

  • An optimal catalyst with a ~1.7 nm SnOx shell achieved ~80% formate Faradaic efficiency and ~16 mA cm-2 partial current density at -0.8 V vs RHE.
  • DFT calculations revealed oxygen vacancies on SnO(101) are crucial for CO2 activation.
  • A linear correlation was found between CO2- adsorption energy at oxygen vacancies and catalytic performance.

Conclusions:

  • Ag-Sn core-shell nanostructures with partially oxidized shells are effective for CO2 electroreduction to formate.
  • Oxygen vacancies in the SnOx shell play a critical role in stabilizing intermediates and enhancing catalytic activity.
  • The study provides insights into catalyst design for selective CO2 conversion and identifies key descriptors for performance optimization.